Hamwe no guteza imbere ubuzima bwibintu, abantu bitondera cyane kubyo bakeneye mumarangamutima, kandi bagashaka ubusabane nibibatunga mumarangamutima bakomeza inyamanswa. Hamwe no kwagura umutungo w'amatungo, usaba ibicuruzwa byamatungo, ibiryo by'amatungo ndetse na serivisi zitandukanye z'inyamanswa zikomeje kwiyongera, kandi ibiranga icyifuzo gitandukanye kandi kigatera imbere inganda z'inganda z'amatungo.
Inganda z'amatungo zagize amateka arenga ijana, kandi yakuze urunigi rwuzuye kandi rukuze, harimo n'ubucuruzi bw'inyamanswa, ibicuruzwa by'amatungo, ibiryo by'amatungo, amatungo yo gukomera, amahugurwa; Muri bo, inganda z'amatungo y'ibicuruzwa ni iy'ishami rikomeye ry'inganda z'amatungo, n'ibicuruzwa byayo nyamukuru birimo ibicuruzwa byo mu rugo, isuku no gusukura ibicuruzwa, n'ibindi.
1. Incamake y'iterambere ry'inganda z'amahanga
Inganda zamatungo yisi yose ku isi imaze kumera nyuma y'impinduramatwara y'inganda z'Ubwongereza, kandi byatangiye kare mu bihugu byateye imbere, kandi amahuza yose mu ruhererekane rw'inganda yateye imbere ukuze. Kugeza ubu, Amerika ni isoko rinini ry'amatungo yo mu matungo ku isi, naho Uburayi kandi bukagaragara amasoko ya Aziya kandi amasoko y'inyamanswa y'ingenzi.
(1) Isoko ryamatungo y'Abanyamerika
Inganda zamatungo muri Amerika zifite amateka maremare yiterambere. Yanyuze muburyo bwo kwishyira hamwe mububiko bwamatungo gakondo kugirango byumvikane byuzuye, binini-byumwuga. Kugeza ubu, urunigi rw'inganda rukura rwose. Isoko ryinyamanswa zo muri Amerika rirangwa numubare munini wamatungo, igipimo kinini cyo murugo cyinjira munzu, urwego rwibintu byinshi kuri formita, hamwe nibisabwa cyane. Kuri ubu ni isoko rinini ryinyamanswa kwisi.
Mu myaka yashize, urugero rwisoko ryinyamanswa zo muri Amerika ryakomeje kwaguka, kandi amafaranga yo gukoresha amatungo yongereye umwaka numwaka kurwego rwo gukura. Dukurikije ishyirahamwe ry'ibicuruzwa by'abanyamerika (Appa), amafaranga y'amatungo yo muri Amerika azagera kuri miliyari 10,6.6, yiyongera kuri miliyoni 100, kwiyongera kwa 6.7%. Mu myaka icumi kugeza ku ya 2020 kugeza 2020, Ingano y'isoko ry'inganda z'amatungo yo muri Amerika yavuye muri miliyari 100.35 z'amadolari y'Amerika kuri miliyari 103.6 z'amadolari y'Amerika, afite umubare wo gukura kwugaje hagati wa 7.92%.
Gutera imbere kw'isoko ry'amatungo yo muri Amerika biterwa n'impamvu yuzuye nk'iterambere ry'ubukungu, ubuzima bw'umuntu, n'imico. Yagaragaje icyifuzo gikomeye kuva iterambere ryayo kandi ntigifite ingaruka nke cyane nubukungu bwubukungu. Muri 2020, bigira ingaruka ku cyorezo n'ibindi bintu, Gdp yo muri Amerika yahuye n'imikurire ya mbere mu myaka icumi, hasi ya 2.32% y'umwaka kuva 2019; Nubwo ibikorwa bibi bya Macroeconomic, amafaranga yo gukoresha amatungo yo muri Amerika aracyafite icyerekezo cyo hejuru kandi kigakomeza guhagarara. Kwiyongera kwa 6.69% ugereranije na 2019.
Igipimo cyinjira mu ngo zamatungo muri Amerika kiri hejuru, kandi umubare w'itungo ni munini. Amatungo yabaye igice cyingenzi mubuzima bwabanyamerika. Nk'uko amakuru ya APDA, ingo zigera kuri miliyoni 84.9 muri Amerika yari ifite amatungo yo muri Amerika, ibarura miliyoni 67% mu ngo zose mu gihugu, kandi iyi mibare izakomeza kuzamuka. Biteganijwe ko imiryango ifite amatungo muri Amerika izajyayongereyeho 70% muri 2021. Birashobora kugaragara ko umuco w'inyamanswa ufite ikunzwe cyane muri Amerika. Inzoga nyinshi z'Abanyamerika zihitamo kubika inyamanswa nka bagenzi bawe. Amatungo afite uruhare runini mumiryango y'Abanyamerika. Kuyoborwa n'umuco w'inyamanswa, isoko ry'amatungo yo muri Amerika rifite ishingiro rinini.
Usibye igipimo kinini cyinjira cyingo yinyamanswa, Amerika yakoresheje amatungo yo gukoresha amatungo nayo azaba mbere kwisi. Dukurikije amakuru rusange, muri 2019, Amerika nicyo gihugu cyonyine ku isi gifite amafaranga yo gukoresha amatungo yo kwita ku baturage barenga 150, hejuru cyane kuruta Ubwongereza. Amafaranga menshi yo gukoresha ibikoresho byamatungo agaragaza igitekerezo cyateye imbere cyo kuzamura inyamanswa ningeso zikoreshwa mumatungo muri societe y'Abanyamerika.
Hashingiwe ku bintu byuzuye nk'i'amamera akomeye, umubare munini wo mu rugo rwabaturage, ndetse no hejuru ya muntu w'amatungo yo mu rugo, ingano y'isoko ry'inganda z'amatungo yo muri Amerika mbere ku isi kandi zirashobora gukomeza gukura. Mubutaka mbonezamubano bwuzuye umuco w'inyamanswa hamwe nibyifuzo byinyamanswa bikomeje kwishyira hamwe no kwagura, bikagukaho ibipimo byinshi byo mu gihugu cyangwa ku mbaraga zo kugurisha ibicuruzwa byimbere mu gihugu, nka e-ubucuruzi bwuzuye Ibibuga nka Amazone, Wal-Mart, nibindi bibamari, abadandaza amatungo nka petco, ibirango bya eTCo, ibicuruzwa bya etcous, nibindi byavuzwe haruguru Ihuriro ryo kugurisha ryabaye imiyoboro ihambaye kubirango byinshi cyangwa abakora amatungo, gukora gukusanya ibicuruzwa no kwishyira hamwe kwingufu, no guteza imbere iterambere rinini ry'inganda z'amatungo.
(2) Isoko ry'amatungo y'i Burayi
Kugeza ubu, igipimo cy'isoko ry'amatungo y'i Burayi ryerekana uburyo bwo gukura buhamye, kandi kugurisha ibicuruzwa byatunze byagutse umwaka n'umwaka. Dukurikije amakuru y'ingwate y'inganda z'ibihugu by'Uburayi (Fediaf), kunywa isoko rusange ry'ibihugu by'Uburayi muri 2020 bizagera kuri miliyoni 43 z'amayero, ubwiyongere bwama euro, ugereranije na 2019; Muri bo, kugurisha ibiryo by'amatungo muri 2020 bizaba miliyari 21.8 z'amayero, kandi kugurisha amatungo bizaba miliyari 92 z'amayero. Miliyari ya euro, kandi igurishwa rya serivisi ryamatungo ryari miliyari 12 z'amayero, kwiyongera ugereranije na 2019.
Igipimo cyo murugo cyinjira murugo rwisoko ryibihugu byu Burayi ni hejuru cyane. Nk'uko amakuru ya Fediaf, ingo zigera kuri miliyoni 88 mu Burayi ari mu 2020, kandi igipimo cy'ibanze ku mibonano mpuzabitsina gifite imyaka 3,41% ugereranije na miliyoni 85 muri 2019. Injangwe n'imbwa n'imbwa n'imbwa biracyari ngombwa y'isoko ry'amatungo y'i Burayi. Muri 2020, Romania na Polonye ni ibihugu bifite ibiciro byo hejuru byo mu rugo mu Burayi, kandi igipimo cyo mu rugo rw'injangwe n'imbwa zombi zageze kuri 42%. Igipimo nacyo kirenga 40%.
Amahirwe yo guteza imbere inganda
(1) Igipimo cyisoko ryamanutse yinganda zikomeje kwaguka
Hamwe no kwiyongera kw'ibitekerezo byo kubika amatungo, ingano y'isoko ryerekanye buhoro buhoro kwaguka buhoro, haba ku masoko yo mu mahanga no mu gihugu. Dukurikije amakuru ava mu ishyirahamwe ry'ibicuruzwa by'abanyamerika (APA), nk'isoko rinini ry'inyamabere muri Amerika, inganda z'isoko ziyongereye kuri miliyari 10,35 z'amadolari y'Amerika kugeza 2020, hamwe na a igipimo cyo gukura kw'agateganyo cya 7.92%; Dukurikije amakuru ava mu ishyirahamwe ry'ibikoresho by'ibihugu by'Uburayi (Fediaf), ibikoresho by'amatungo yose ku isoko ry'amatungo y'i Burayi muri 2020 ryageze kuri Miliyari 43 z'amayero, ubwiyongere bwa 5.65% ugereranije na 2019; Isoko ryamatungo yubuyapani, nicyo kinini muri Aziya, cyerekanaga iterambere rihamye mumyaka yashize. Gukura, kubungabunga igipimo cyo gukura buri mwaka cya 1.5% -2%; Kandi isoko ryinyamanswa zo murugo ryinjiye murwego rwiterambere ryihuse mumyaka yashize. Kuva mu myaka ya 2010 kugeza 2020, ingano y'amatungo yo gukoresha amatungo yiyongereye cyane kuva muri miliyari 14 Yuan kugeza kuri miliyari 206.5, afite igipimo cyo gukura kw'agateganyo cya 30.88%.
Kunganda z'amatungo mu bihugu byateye imbere, kubera intangiriro yacyo hakiri kare no guteza imbere iterambere, ryerekanye icyifuzo gikomeye cy'amatungo n'ibicuruzwa bifitanye isano. Biteganijwe ko ingano yisoko izakomeza guhaza kandi izamuka mugihe kizaza; Ubushinwa ni isoko rigenda mu nganda z'amatungo. Isoko, rishingiye ku bintu nk'iterambere ry'ubukungu, bizwi cyane igitekerezo cyo kubika amatungo, ibiryo mu miryango, n'ibindi, biteganijwe ko inganda z'amatungo yo mu rugo zizakomeza gukomeza iterambere ryihuse mu gihe kizaza.
Muri make, kwimbitse no kumenyekanisha igitekerezo cyamatungo yo kubika murugo no mumahanga yirukanye iterambere ryinyamanswa nibikoresho bifitanye isano nubucuruzi hamwe nu mwanya witerambere mugihe kizaza.
(2) Ibitekerezo byo gukoresha no kumenyekanisha ibidukikije biteza imbere kuzamura inganda
Ibicuruzwa byamatungo byambere byujuje ibyangombwa byibanze byimikorere, hamwe nibishushanyo mbonera no gutunganya ibintu byoroshye. Hamwe no kunoza amahame yabantu, igitekerezo cya "Kurwanya" Amatungo akomeje gukwirakwira, kandi abantu bitondera cyane ku mpumuro. Ibihugu bimwe na bimwe byo mu Burayi na Amerika byamenyesheje amategeko n'amabwiriza yo gushimangira uburenganzira bwibanze bw'amatungo, tunoza imibereho yabo, kandi dushyire gushimangira imibereho myiza, kandi dushyire gushimangira imibereho myiza, kandi tugashimangira ubugenzuzi bwa konwa. Impamvu nyinshi zijyanye zatumye abantu bakomeza kongera ibyo bakeneye kubicuruzwa byamatungo nubushake bwabo bwo kurya. Ibicuruzwa byamatungo nabyo biba bikora kandi byinshi, abakoresha-byinshuti, hamwe no kuzamura byihuse no kongera ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro.
Kugeza ubu, ugereranije n'ibihugu byateye imbere n'uturere nk'Uburayi na Amerika, ibicuruzwa by'amatungo ntibikoreshwa cyane mu gihugu cyanjye. Igihe ubushake bwo kurya inyamanswa bwiyongera, umubare wibicuruzwa byamatungo yaguzwe kandi byiyongera vuba, kandi ibyifuzo byabaguzi byavuyeho bizateza imbere neza iterambere ryinganda.
Igihe cyohereza: Ukuboza-13-2023
