Hamwe nogukomeza kuzamura imibereho yimibereho, abantu barushaho kwita kubikenewe mumarangamutima, kandi bagashaka kubana no gutunga amarangamutima bakomeza amatungo. Hamwe no kwaguka kw’ubworozi bw’amatungo, abantu bakeneye ibyo bakeneye ibikomoka ku matungo, ibiryo by’amatungo na serivisi zinyamanswa zitandukanye bikomeje kwiyongera, kandi ibiranga ibyifuzo bitandukanye kandi byihariye bigenda bigaragara cyane, ibyo bikaba bitera iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda z’amatungo.
Inganda z’amatungo zimaze imyaka irenga ijana mu mateka y’iterambere, kandi zashizeho urwego rwuzuye kandi rukuze mu nganda, harimo ubucuruzi bw’amatungo, ibikomoka ku matungo, ibiryo by’amatungo, ubuvuzi bw’amatungo, gutunganya amatungo, guhugura amatungo n’izindi nzego; muribo, inganda zikomoka ku matungo Ni iy'ishami rikomeye ry’inganda z’amatungo, kandi ibicuruzwa byayo nyamukuru birimo ibicuruzwa byo mu rugo byo kwidagadura mu rugo, isuku n’ibicuruzwa bisukura, nibindi.
1. Incamake yiterambere ryinganda zinyamanswa
Inganda z’amatungo ku isi zimaze kumera nyuma y’impinduramatwara y’inganda mu Bwongereza, kandi yatangiye mbere mu bihugu byateye imbere, kandi amasano yose y’urwego rw’inganda yateye imbere mu buryo bukuze. Kugeza ubu, Amerika n’isoko rinini ry’abaguzi b’amatungo ku isi, kandi Uburayi n’amasoko akomeye yo muri Aziya nabyo ni isoko ry’amatungo.
(1) Isoko ryamatungo yo muri Amerika
Inganda z’amatungo muri Amerika zifite amateka maremare yiterambere. Yanyuze mu nzira yo kwishyira hamwe kuva mububiko gakondo bwo kugurisha amatungo kugera kumurongo wuzuye, munini kandi nini wo kugurisha amatungo. Kugeza ubu, urunigi rw'inganda rurakuze rwose. Isoko ry’amatungo yo muri Amerika rirangwa n’ibitungwa byinshi, umubare munini winjira mu ngo, umubare munini w’umutungo ukoreshwa n’umuturage, hamwe n’ibikenewe cyane ku matungo. Kugeza ubu nisoko rinini ryamatungo kwisi.
Mu myaka yashize, igipimo cy’isoko ry’amatungo yo muri Amerika cyakomeje kwiyongera, kandi amafaranga yakoreshejwe mu gukoresha amatungo yiyongereye uko umwaka utashye ku kigero cyo kwiyongera gishimishije. Nk’uko Ishyirahamwe ry’ibikomoka ku matungo muri Amerika (APPA) ribitangaza ngo amafaranga y’abaguzi ku isoko ry’amatungo yo muri Amerika azagera kuri miliyari 103,6 z'amadolari muri 2020, arenga miliyari 100 z'amadorari ku nshuro ya mbere, yiyongereyeho 6.7% muri 2019. Mu myaka icumi kuva 2010 kugeza 2020, Ingano y’isoko ry’inganda z’amatungo yo muri Amerika yavuye kuri miliyari 48.35 US $ igera kuri miliyari 103,6 US $, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’ubwiyongere bwa 7.92%.
Iterambere ry’isoko ry’amatungo yo muri Amerika riterwa nimpamvu zuzuye nkiterambere ry’ubukungu, imibereho yimibereho, n’umuco. Yagaragaje icyifuzo gikomeye kuva cyatera imbere kandi ntigire ingaruka nke cyane mubukungu. Muri 2020, yibasiwe n’icyorezo n’izindi mpamvu, GDP muri Amerika yagize ubwiyongere bubi bwa mbere mu myaka icumi, igabanukaho 2,32% umwaka ushize guhera muri 2019; nubwo imikorere mibi ya macroeconomic, amafaranga yo gukoresha amatungo muri Amerika aracyerekana ko yazamutse kandi akomeza kuba mwiza. Kwiyongera kwa 6,69% ugereranije na 2019.
Igipimo cyo kwinjira mu ngo z’amatungo muri Amerika ni kinini, kandi umubare w’amatungo ni menshi. Amatungo ubu yabaye igice cyingenzi mubuzima bwabanyamerika. Nk’uko imibare ya APPA ibigaragaza, ingo zigera kuri miliyoni 84.9 zo muri Amerika zifite amatungo mu mwaka wa 2019, zikaba zingana na 67% by'ingo zose ziri mu gihugu, kandi uyu mubare uzakomeza kwiyongera. Umubare w'ingo zifite amatungo muri Amerika biteganijwe ko uziyongera kugera kuri 70% muri 2021. Birashobora kugaragara ko umuco w'amatungo ukunzwe cyane muri Amerika. Imiryango myinshi y'Abanyamerika ihitamo gutunga amatungo nk'inshuti. Amatungo agira uruhare runini mumiryango yabanyamerika. Bitewe numuco wamatungo, isoko ryamatungo yo muri Amerika rifite umubare munini.
Usibye igipimo kinini cyo kwinjira mu ngo z’amatungo, Amerika ikoresha umuturage ukoresha amatungo nayo iri ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi. Nk’uko amakuru rusange abigaragaza, muri 2019, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika nicyo gihugu cyonyine ku isi gifite umuturage ukoresha amafaranga yo kwita ku matungo y’amadorari arenga amadorari 150 y’Amerika, akaba arenze cyane u Bwongereza buri ku mwanya wa kabiri. Umubare munini w’umuturage ukoresha amafaranga yinyamanswa yerekana igitekerezo cyambere cyo korora amatungo ningeso yo gukoresha amatungo muri societe y'Abanyamerika.
Hashingiwe ku bintu byuzuye nko gukenera amatungo akomeye, umubare munini w’urugo winjira, hamwe n’umutungo ukoreshwa w’umutungo w’umuturage, ingano y’isoko ry’inganda z’amatungo yo muri Amerika iza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi kandi irashobora gukomeza umuvuduko uhamye w’iterambere. Mu butaka bw’imibereho y’umuco w’amatungo ndetse no gukenera cyane amatungo, isoko ry’amatungo yo muri Amerika rikomeje kwinjizwa mu nganda no kwaguka, bigatuma habaho ibicuruzwa byinshi binini byo mu rugo cyangwa imipaka y’ibicuruzwa by’amatungo, nka e-ubucuruzi bwuzuye. urubuga nka Amazone, Wal-Mart, nibindi. Abacuruzi bose, abadandaza ibikomoka ku matungo nka PETSMART na PETCO, urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi bwibicuruzwa byamatungo nka CHEWY, ibirango byibikomoka ku matungo nka CENTRAL GARDEN, nibindi byavuzwe haruguru. urubuga rwo kugurisha rwahindutse inzira yingenzi yo kugurisha ibicuruzwa byinshi byamatungo cyangwa ibikomoka ku matungo, gukora ibicuruzwa no guhuza umutungo, no guteza imbere iterambere rinini ryinganda zinyamanswa.
(2) Isoko ryamatungo yi Burayi
Kugeza ubu, igipimo cy’isoko ry’amatungo y’i Burayi ryerekana iterambere ryiyongera, kandi igurishwa ry’ibikomoka ku matungo ryiyongera uko umwaka utashye. Dukurikije imibare y’ishyirahamwe ry’ibiribwa by’ibikomoka ku matungo by’ibihugu by’i Burayi (FEDIAF), ibicuruzwa byose by’isoko ry’ibikomoka ku matungo by’i Burayi mu 2020 bizagera kuri miliyari 43 z'amayero, byiyongereyeho 5.65% ugereranije na 2019; muri byo, kugurisha ibiryo by'amatungo muri 2020 bizaba miliyari 21.8 z'amayero, naho kugurisha ibikomoka ku matungo bizaba miliyari 92 z'amayero. miliyari y'amayero, no kugurisha serivisi z'amatungo byari miliyari 12 z'amayero, kwiyongera ugereranije na 2019.
Umubare winjira murugo rwisoko ryamatungo yuburayi ni mwinshi. Nk’uko imibare ya FEDIAF ibigaragaza, ingo zigera kuri miliyoni 88 zo mu Burayi zifite amatungo mu 2020, kandi umubare w'abinjira mu ngo zitungwa ni 38%, ni ukuvuga umuvuduko wa 3.41% ugereranije na miliyoni 85 muri 2019. Injangwe n'imbwa biracyari rusange. y'isoko ry'amatungo yo mu Burayi. Muri 2020, Rumaniya na Polonye nibyo bihugu bifite umubare munini w’urugo rwinjira mu Burayi, kandi umubare w’injangwe n’injangwe n’imbwa byombi byageze kuri 42%. Igipimo nacyo kirenga 40%.
Amahirwe yo guteza imbere inganda
(1) Igipimo cyisoko ryo hasi yinganda zikomeje kwaguka
Hamwe no gukundwa cyane nigitekerezo cyo korora amatungo, ingano yisoko ryinganda zinyamanswa zerekanye inzira igenda yiyongera buhoro buhoro, haba mumasoko yo hanze ndetse n’imbere mu gihugu. Nk’uko imibare yaturutse mu ishyirahamwe ry’ibikomoka ku matungo y'Abanyamerika (APPA) ibigaragaza, nk’isoko rinini ry’amatungo muri Amerika, ingano y’isoko ry’inganda z’amatungo yavuye kuri miliyari 48.35 z'amadolari y’Amerika igera kuri miliyari 103,6 z'amadolari mu myaka icumi kuva 2010 kugeza 2020, hamwe na umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bwa 7,92%; Nk’uko imibare yatanzwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’ibiribwa by’ibikomoka ku matungo by’i Burayi (FEDIAF) ibigaragaza, ibikoreshwa mu matungo yose ku isoko ry’amatungo y’i Burayi mu 2020 byageze kuri miliyari 43 z'amayero, byiyongereyeho 5.65% ugereranije na 2019; isoko ry’amatungo y’Ubuyapani, nini muri Aziya, ryerekanye iterambere rihamye mu myaka yashize. icyerekezo cyo gukura, gukomeza umuvuduko wubwiyongere bwa buri mwaka wa 1.5% -2%; kandi isoko ryamatungo yimbere mu gihugu ryinjiye murwego rwiterambere ryihuse mumyaka yashize. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2010 kugeza 2020, ingano y’isoko ry’ibikomoka ku matungo yazamutse vuba kuva kuri miliyari 14 kugeza kuri miliyari 206.5, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’ubwiyongere bwa 30.88%.
Ku nganda z’inyamanswa mu bihugu byateye imbere, kubera itangira ryayo hakiri kare ndetse n’iterambere rikuze, ryerekanye ko rikeneye cyane amatungo n’ibikomoka ku matungo. Biteganijwe ko ingano yisoko izakomeza guhagarara neza no kuzamuka mugihe kizaza; Ubushinwa nisoko rigaragara munganda zinyamanswa. Isoko, rishingiye ku bintu nko guteza imbere ubukungu, kumenyekanisha igitekerezo cyo korora amatungo, impinduka mu miterere y’umuryango, n’ibindi, biteganijwe ko inganda z’amatungo yo mu rugo zizakomeza gukomeza iterambere ryihuse mu bihe biri imbere.
Muri make, kurushaho kwamamara no kumenyekanisha igitekerezo cyo korora amatungo mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo byatumye iterambere rikomeye ry’amatungo hamwe n’inganda zikomoka ku matungo n’ibikomoka ku matungo, kandi bizana amahirwe menshi y’ubucuruzi n’ahantu h’iterambere mu gihe kiri imbere.
(2) Ibitekerezo byo gukoresha no kumenyekanisha ibidukikije biteza imbere kuzamura inganda
Ibicuruzwa byambere byamatungo byujuje gusa ibisabwa byibanze bikenewe, hamwe nibikorwa byogushushanya hamwe nuburyo bworoshye bwo gukora. Hamwe niterambere ryimibereho yabantu, igitekerezo cya "ubumuntu" bwibikoko gikomeje gukwirakwira, kandi abantu barushaho kwita kubuzima bwiza bwibikoko. Ibihugu bimwe na bimwe byo mu Burayi no muri Amerika byashyizeho amategeko n'amabwiriza agamije gushimangira kurengera uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’amatungo, guteza imbere imibereho yabo, no gushimangira igenzura ry’isuku rya komini ryita ku matungo. Ibintu byinshi bifitanye isano byatumye abantu bakomeza kongera ibyo bakeneye kubitungwa nubushake bwabo bwo kurya. Ibikomoka ku matungo nabyo byahindutse byinshi-bikora, byorohereza abakoresha kandi bigezweho, hamwe no kuzamura byihuse no kongera ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro.
Kugeza ubu, ugereranije n’ibihugu byateye imbere n’uturere nk’Uburayi na Amerika, ibikomoka ku matungo ntibikoreshwa cyane mu gihugu cyanjye. Mugihe ubushake bwo kurya amatungo bwiyongera, igipimo cyibikomoka ku matungo cyaguzwe nacyo kiziyongera vuba, kandi ibyo abaguzi bakeneye bizateza imbere iterambere ry’inganda.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-13-2023
